THE NATURE OF MATTER
PHYSICS
MYSTERIES
EXPLAINED
QUANTUM MECHANICS
CHAPTER 11
Section 1 The Wave Particle Duality
The Two Slit Experiment
Section 2 Non-Locality
The Faster than Light Barrier Experiments
The Teleportation Experiments
Section 3 The Unit Energy Particles
Plank's Equation E=hv
Unit Photons
| Energy bound to a unit matter substructure of a particle causes the wave-like behavior of the particle, because the bound energy quanta carve the wave function. |
| The unit matter substructure of the particle is responsible for the particle-like behavior of the particle because the energy is bound to the point like matter substructure. |
The particle like behavior of a particle is caused by the structural energy
of a particle (rest mass) being bound and localized to the unit matter substructure
of the particle.
The wave like behavior of a particle is caused by the energy component of
a particle being bound in closed loop rotation about its host unit matter substructure.
The energy dynamics are described by the quantum mechanical wave function.
See the explanation below of the Two Slit Experiment for a
specific example of how knowing of the two components of electrons and photons, units
of energy and units of matter, allows for a simple cause and effect explanation of
the wave like behavior and of the particle like behavior in the experiment.
The Unit Matter Substructure Theory
provides an explanation of the nature of rest mass. The rest mass of
a particle is structural energy which is bound in closed loop rotation to the unit
matter substructure of the particle.
The reason an electron's energy requires two rotations to be back in phase, the
720o of rotation mystery, is because one rotation is only one half the
wave. The bound energy requires two rotations to complete one full wavelength.
The rotation of the rest mass energy about its host substructure is described by
the wave function of the particle as deciphered by quantum physics.
Energy Wave Harmonics Graphs
The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics
Sigmund Brandt and Dietter Dahmen
Springer-Verlag 1995
The Unit Matter Substructure Theory
deduces that the particle like behavior of a particle is caused by the rest mass
energy being bound to the unit matter substructure of the particle. The Unit
Matter Substructure Theory deduces the wave like behavior of a particle is caused
by the bound structural energy quanta (rest mass) which trace the wave function of
the particle.
The Unit Matter Substructure Theory
easily explains the wave-particle nature of particles in the classic two slit experiment.
The Unit Matter Substructure Theory
explains why in the two slit experiment that single electrons sent though the slits,
one single electron at a time, cause an interference pattern. An interference pattern
emerges because the energy component of the electrons travels like the wave function
describes, through both slits.
The energy component of the electron traces the wave function of the electron. It
is the energy component that interferes with itself while traversing the two slits,
and it is the energy component that causes the interference pattern to emerge. Energy
is responsible for the wave nature of the electrons.
The particle nature of a particle is caused by the rest mass energy of the particle
being bound to the unit particle of matter substructure of the particle in a point
like substructure, which causes the energy to stay local.
THE TWO SLIT EXPERIMENT
The Two Slit Experiment is the classic example of the wave-particle duality of
light. In a classic Two Slit Experiment, a monochromatic source of light is sent
through two parallel slits in a barrier, causing an interference pattern to form
on a target wall behind the two slit barrier due to the waves of light from the two
slits interfering.
The Unit Matter Substructure Theory
provides the answer to the puzzling wave-particle nature of photons observed in the
Two Slit Experiments - while the physical matter doublet substructure of the photon
must physically travel through one slit or the other, and the energy, as described
by the wave function, travels through both slits and interferes with itself, even
when just one photon at a time goes through one of the two slits.
Photon Doublet Unit Particle of Matter Substructures
[The unit circles represent unit particles of matter
(and the closed loops represent closed loop energy rotations)
Young's Two Slit Experiment U
of Virginia
Young's Double Slit Experiment U
of Winnipeg Canada
The wave nature of the light is demonstrated in the Two Slit Experiment by the
interference pattern forming on the target wall, as described by a the wave mechanics
of energy traveling through two slits.
Light energy waves coming through each of the two slits, interferes, causing an interference
pattern to emerge on the target wall described by classic wave mechanics.
The particle nature of light is demonstrated by the fact that if one detects the
passage of a photon through one of the slits, every photon is measured to have 100%
of the energy expected of a photon for that wavelength.
The Complimentary Principle for the wave-particle duality of light states that light
can be detected either in the wave state or in the particle state, but not both states
at the same time.
The surprising thing is that even single photons sent through the two slit barrier,
one at a time, form an interference pattern on the target.
How a Single Photon in the Two Slit Experiment causes an Interference Pattern
How can a single particle of light interfere with itself when the photon always has
100% of the energy when detected at one of the slits?
The short answer the unit particles of matter forming the particle substructure are
responsible for the particle behavior and the energy quanta are responsible for the
wave behavior.
A single photon sent through one of the two slits causes an interference pattern
like a wave because the because the energy component goes through both slits, and
interferes with itself, like a wave, because it is a wave, a wave of energy quanta.
A photon measured at one of the two slits always has the right energy for the light
source manifesting the particle like behavior of a concentrated mass
If you measure which slit the photon goes through, you collapse the energy caused
wave function by capturing the energy, and the interference pattern disappears. If
you close one slit, the energy portion cannot interfere with itself.
In Complimentary Principle language, the wave properties have ceased to be observed
because the wave function has collapsed when the particle is observed (detected).
In the words of Complimentary Principle language, as long as the energy wave can
go through both slits, the wave will interfere with itself and cause an interference
pattern, but as soon as a observation is made to determine slit the photon particle
substructure went through, the wave is collapsed and the interference pattern stopped.
The detection of through which slit the photon goes, collapses the wave function
of the photon, because the detection of the photon captures the photon's energy.
However, if the energy component is allowed to go through both slits, the energy
will interfere with itself.
Allowing the energy and matter as components model, if one of the slits is blocked,
the interference pattern ceases because the energy component can no longer travel
through both slits.
| The energy component of a photon is responsible for the wave function of the photon as the energy travels through both slits (the wave nature). The unit matter substructure which hosts the energy of the photon, must physically pass through one slit or the other (the particle nature). |
The electron, composed of a negative unit of charged electrical matter (green circle) and energy (pink ellipse),
approaching the two slits as indicated by the arrow.
The electron's negative unit of charged electrical matter (green circle) component can only pass through one slit,
but the energy wave passes through both slits and interferes with itself.
The energy component within the electron
wave function is as described by quantum mechanics moving so fast as to
essentially be in all places within the wave function at once.
The quantum angular momentum wave speed of the electron.
The "Faster than Light?" experiments by Raymond Y. Chiao, UC Berkeley
The Photon Teleportation experiments at IBM Research.
The Unit Matter Substructure Theory
deduces that the energy particles within the wave packet carve the wave exactly as
the wave function indicates, however fast that maybe.
It is just that the wave packet in its entirety cannot travel faster than the speed
of light because it is moving that background ocean, whereas within the wave packet,
a path may have been cut through the background the previous trip through carving
out the energy wave.
The Unit Matter Substructure Theory
deduces that the wave function, or wave packet of a particle, is the path traced
by its energy particles.
A particle's wave function is a closed loop path in which the bound energy travels.
In a closed loop path, the energy particle has already cleared the background ocean
and may have a force free path.
When the wave packet in its entirety must travel through the background of matter
there will be an electromagnetic interaction which limits the motion to the speed
of light, but within the wave packet the energy could be, and is indicated by the
math to be, traveling in excess of the speed of light.
THE QUANTUM ANGULAR MOMENTUM ROTATION WAVE SPEED
The rotation speed of the wave function of an electron at the proposed radius of
an electron where a half wavelength equals the circumference, far exceeds the speed
of light, which is another indication that the energy within the wave packet is not
bound by the same electromagnetic bounds like the entire wave packet when it moves
through the background of matter, rather that within the wave packet the energy traverses
the wave packet just as the wave function math describes.
THE FASTER THAN LIGHT BARRIER EXPERIMENTS
In an August 1993 Scientific American article by Raymond
Y. Chiao, UC Berkeley, and Paul G. Kwiat and Aephraim M. Steinberg entitled "Faster
Than Light?" the authors explain how photons of light appear to tunnel through
a barrier in a time faster than that of the speed of light, which is another observation
that the energy within the wave packet travels far in excess of the speed of light.
The reason quantum wave mechanics describe the probability of finding the energy
in that location of the wave packet is because the energy carves the wave packet.
Raymond Y. Chiao, UC
Berkeley, Paul Kwiat - Chiao
Group Research
THE TELEPORTATION EXPERIMENTS
In the quantum teleportation of photons, physicists transfer a property of a photon
to another photon at a remote location, basically instantaneously.
Scientific American "Beam
Me Up, Scottie!" article and IBM
Research announcement.
Definitions:
E = hv indicates that energy is composed of discrete quanta, or unit energy particles.
Rest-mass energy is unit energy particles bound as structural energy within a particle structure.
Momentum energy is unit energy particles that are responsible for the kinetic energy of a particle.
Energy particles must always be bound to a unit particle of matter, or hosted by matter.
Planck's equation:
|
E = hv |
Planck's equation indicates that energy is quantized, or in other words, that
energy is composed of basic unit quantities.
Since energy is structured as quanta, it follows that the base quanta, or fundamental
units of energy, cannot be divided. Therefore, a quantum of energy is a fundamental
unit of energy.
UNIT PHOTONS
The units of energy indicated by Planck's equation contain a pair
of unit energy particles, each unit energy quanta with spin 1/2, and with two energy
units summing to spin 1 for the total photon.
With the knowledge of the doublet substructure of a photon, it follows that there
must be a minimum of two unit energy particles in a unit photon as indicated in Planck's
equation because the photon was deduced to have two counter rotating energy sets
in rotation about the two unit particle of matter hosts within the doublet substructure.
Comments welcome: jrees@starlight-pub.com
Last Update July 29, 2000
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